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Cloudflare Workers

Cloudflare Workers is a JavaScript edge runtime on Cloudflare CDN.

You can develop the application locally and publish it with a few commands using Wrangler. Wrangler includes trans compiler, so we can write the code with TypeScript.

Let’s make your first application for Cloudflare Workers with Hono.

1. Setup

A starter for Cloudflare Workers is available. Start your project with "create-hono" command. Select cloudflare-workers template for this example.

sh
npm create hono@latest my-app
sh
yarn create hono my-app
sh
pnpm create hono my-app
sh
bunx create-hono my-app
sh
deno run -A npm:create-hono my-app

Move to my-app and install the dependencies.

sh
cd my-app
npm i
sh
cd my-app
yarn
sh
cd my-app
pnpm i
sh
cd my-app
bun i

2. Hello World

Edit src/index.ts like below.

ts
import { Hono } from 'hono'
const app = new Hono()

app.get('/', (c) => c.text('Hello Cloudflare Workers!'))

export default app

3. Run

Run the development server locally. Then, access http://localhost:8787 in your web browser.

sh
npm run dev
sh
yarn dev
sh
pnpm dev
sh
bun run dev

4. Deploy

If you have a Cloudflare account, you can deploy to Cloudflare. In package.json, $npm_execpath needs to be changed to your package manager of choice.

sh
npm run deploy
sh
yarn deploy
sh
pnpm run deploy
sh
bun run deploy

That's all!

Service Worker mode or Module Worker mode

There are two syntaxes for writing the Cloudflare Workers. Module Worker mode and Service Worker mode. Using Hono, you can write with both syntax, but we recommend using Module Worker mode so that binding variables are localized.

ts
// Module Worker
export default app
ts
// Service Worker
app.fire()

Using Hono with other event handlers

You can integrate Hono with other event handlers (such as scheduled) in Module Worker mode.

To do this, export app.fetch as the module's fetch handler, and then implement other handlers as needed:

ts
const app = new Hono()

export default {
  fetch: app.fetch,
  scheduled: async (batch, env) => {},
}

Serve static files

WARNING

This "Serve static files" feature for Cloudflare Workers has been deprecated. If you want to create an application that serves static assets files, use Cloudflare Pages instead of Cloudflare Workers.

You need to set it up to serve static files. Static files are distributed by using Workers Sites. To enable this feature, edit wrangler.toml and specify the directory where the static files will be placed.

toml
[site]
bucket = "./assets"

Then create the assets directory and place the files there.

./
├── assets
│   ├── favicon.ico
│   └── static
│       ├── demo
│       │   └── index.html
│       ├── fallback.txt
│       └── images
│           └── dinotocat.png
├── package.json
├── src
│   └── index.ts
└── wrangler.toml

Then use "Adapter".

ts
import { Hono } from 'hono'
import { serveStatic } from 'hono/cloudflare-workers'
import manifest from '__STATIC_CONTENT_MANIFEST'

const app = new Hono()

app.get('/static/*', serveStatic({ root: './', manifest }))
app.get('/favicon.ico', serveStatic({ path: './favicon.ico' }))

See Example.

rewriteRequestPath

If you want to map http://localhost:8787/static/* to ./assets/statics, you can use the rewriteRequestPath option:

ts
app.get(
  '/static/*',
  serveStatic({
    root: './',
    rewriteRequestPath: (path) => path.replace(/^\/static/, '/statics'),
  })
)

mimes

You can add MIME types with mimes:

ts
app.get(
  '/static/*',
  serveStatic({
    mimes: {
      m3u8: 'application/vnd.apple.mpegurl',
      ts: 'video/mp2t',
    },
  })
)

onNotFound

You can specify handling when the requested file is not found with onNotFound:

ts
app.get(
  '/static/*',
  serveStatic({
    onNotFound: (path, c) => {
      console.log(`${path} is not found, you access ${c.req.path}`)
    },
  })
)

Types

You have to install @cloudflare/workers-types if you want to have workers types.

sh
npm i --save-dev @cloudflare/workers-types
sh
yarn add -D @cloudflare/workers-types
sh
pnpm add -D @cloudflare/workers-types
sh
bun add --dev @cloudflare/workers-types

Testing

For testing, we recommend using jest-environment-miniflare. Refer to examples for setting it up.

If there is the application below.

ts
import { Hono } from 'hono'

const app = new Hono()
app.get('/', (c) => c.text('Please test me!'))

We can test if it returns "200 OK" Response with this code.

ts
describe('Test the application', () => {
  it('Should return 200 response', async () => {
    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/')
    expect(res.status).toBe(200)
  })
})

Bindings

In the Cloudflare Workers, we can bind the environment values, KV namespace, R2 bucket, or Durable Object. You can access them in c.env. It will have the types if you pass the "type struct" for the bindings to the Hono as generics.

ts
type Bindings = {
  MY_BUCKET: R2Bucket
  USERNAME: string
  PASSWORD: string
}

const app = new Hono<{ Bindings: Bindings }>()

// Access to environment values
app.put('/upload/:key', async (c, next) => {
  const key = c.req.param('key')
  await c.env.MY_BUCKET.put(key, c.req.body)
  return c.text(`Put ${key} successfully!`)
})

Using Variables in Middleware

This is the only case for Module Worker mode. If you want to use Variables or Secret Variables in Middleware, for example, "username" or "password" in Basic Authentication Middleware, you need to write like the following.

ts
import { basicAuth } from 'hono/basic-auth'

type Bindings = {
  USERNAME: string
  PASSWORD: string
}

const app = new Hono<{ Bindings: Bindings }>()

//...

app.use('/auth/*', async (c, next) => {
  const auth = basicAuth({
    username: c.env.USERNAME,
    password: c.env.PASSWORD,
  })
  return auth(c, next)
})

The same is applied to Bearer Authentication Middleware, JWT Authentication, or others.

Deploy from Github Action

Before deploying code to Cloudflare via CI, you need a cloudflare token. you can manager from here: https://dash.cloudflare.com/profile/api-tokens

If it's a newly created token, select the Edit Cloudflare Workers template, if you have already another token, make sure the token has the corresponding permissions(No, token permissions are not shared between cloudflare page and cloudflare worker).

then go to your Github repository settings dashboard: Settings->Secrets and variables->Actions->Repository secrets, and add a new secret with the name CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN.

then create .github/workflows/deploy.yml in your hono project root foler,paste the following code:

yml
name: Deploy

on:
  push:
    branches:
      - main

jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    name: Deploy
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Deploy
        uses: cloudflare/wrangler-action@v3
        with:
          apiToken: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN }}

then edit wrangler.toml, and add this code after compatibility_date line.

toml
main = "src/index.ts"
minify = true

Everything is ready! Now push the code and enjoy it.

Load env when local development

To configure the environment variables for local development, create the .dev.vars file in the root directory of the project. Then configure your environment variables as you would with a normal env file.

SECRET_KEY=value
API_TOKEN=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9

For more about this section you can find in the Cloudflare documentation: https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/wrangler/configuration/#secrets

Then we use the c.env.* to get the environment variables in our code.
For Cloudflare Workers, environment variables must be obtained via c, not via process.env.

ts
type Bindings = {
  SECRET_KEY: string
}

const app = new Hono<{ Bindings: Bindings }>()

app.get('/env', (c) => {
  const SECRET_KEY = c.env.SECRET_KEY
  return c.text(SECRET_KEY)
})

Before you deploy your project to cloudflare, remember to set the environment variable/secrets in the Cloudflare Worker project's configuration.

For more about this section you can find in the Cloudflare documentation: https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/configuration/environment-variables/#add-environment-variables-via-the-dashboard

Released under the MIT License.